| acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and accessory sinuses, usually accompanied by edema of the mucus membranes and nasal discharge | Coryza |
| short, discrete, interrupted crackling or bubbling sounds; most commonly heard upon inspiration | Crackles |
| slightly bluish, gray, or dark purple discoloration of the skin resulting from the presence of abnormally reduced amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood | Cyanosis |
| shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing; may be caused by disturbances in the lungs, certain heart conditions, and hemoglobin deficiency | Dyspnea |
| obstruction of blood vessel by a foreign substance; blood clot, fat, or air | Embolism |
| accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space, as a result of an infection | Empyema |
| hemorrhage of the nose; nosebleed | Epistaxis |
| an increase in the severity of a disease or disorder, marked by an increase in signs and symptoms | Exacerbation |
| caused by external factors | Extrinsic |
| greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood | Hypercapnia |
| an abnormal condition of the respiratory system that occurs when the volume of air inhaled is not adequate for the metabolic needs of the body | Hypoventilation |
| an inadequate, reduced tension of cellular oxygen | Hypoxia |
| caused by internal factors | Intrinsic |
| an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe comfortable or deeply | Orthopnea |
| low pitched, grating or creaking lung sounds that occur when inflamed pleural surfaces rub together during respiration | Pleural Friction Rub |
| collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity which causes the lung to collapse | Pneumothorax |
| musical, high pitched, squeaking or whistle like sound caused by rapid movement of air through narrowed bronchioles | Silibant Wheeze |
| low pitched, loud, coarse, snoring sound | Sonorous Wheeze |
| pertaining to respiratory effort that is strenuous and struggling; creates a snoring sound | Stertorous |
| an abnormal rapid rate of breathing | Tachypnea |
| surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid | Thoracentesis |
| power of microorganism to produce disease | Virulent |
| Subjective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include | shortness of breath, dyspnea with or without exertion, cough |
| Objective data in a nursing assessment for a respiratory disorder should include | chest movement, expansion, signs of distress, nostrils flaring, accessory muscle use, retractions, orthopnea, adventitious lung sounds |
| signs and symptoms of a respiratory disorder include | anxiety, decreased ability to concentrate, disorientation, fatique, vertigo, increased pulse |
| normal pH range on ABG | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| normal PaCO2 range on ABG | 35 to 45 |
| normal PaO2 range on ABG | 80 to 100 |
| normal HCO3 range on ABG | 22 to 26 |
| normal Sa02 range on ABG | >92% |
| surgical diagnostic procedure used when a sample of lymph tissue from the chest is needed for biopsy | mediastinoscopy |
| endoscopic visualization of the larynx only performed under local or general anesthesia | laryngoscopy |
| endoscopic visualization of the larynx, tranchea, and bronchi | bronchoscopy |
| what instructions should a patient be given before an xray? | remove jewelry, wear hospital gown |
| what instructions should a patient be given before collection of a sputum sample? | rinse mouth with water, inhale deeply three times, and cough forcefully and spit sample into sterile container |
| what is the purpose of patient education before a CT scan? | to reduce patient anxiety |
| this diagnostic lab is performed on sputum or pleural fluid to detect the presence of abnormal or malignant cells | cytology |
| this diagnostic procedure is used to determine the severity or progression of a respiratory disease | pulmonary function test |
| what kind of syringe is used to obtain an ABG sample? | heparinized |
| how large of a sample is needed for an ABG? | 3 to 5 mL |
| what test should be performed before an ABG to determine ulnar circulation? | Allen’s test |
| how long should pressure be held following collection of an ABG sample? | 5 minutes |
| how should an ABG sample be transported to the lab? | in ice water |
| what procedure should always be performed following a throacentesis? | Chest xray |
| risk for what condition is increased if more than 1500mL of fluid are removed during thoracentesis? | Pulmonary Edema |
| Symptoms of this chronic obstructive pulmonary disease usually appear in the late forties; etiology includes changes in the alveolar walls and capillaries leading to decreased pulmonary surface area and inflammation of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveol | emphysema |
| signs and symptoms of emphysema | exertional dyspnea, sputum, use of accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, wheezing, weight loss |
| diagnostic tests for emphysema | PFT, ABG, chest xray, labs, CBC |
| medications used to treat emphysema | bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, oxygen therapy, anti anxiety |
| should patients with COPD be encouraged to drink more or less fluid daily and why? | more, to loosen and thin respiratory secretions |
| because of issues with exertional dyspnea, emphysema patients should rest 30 minutes before these daily activities | meals |
| patient teaching for emphysema should focus on | nutrition and smoking cessation |
| Is COPD reversible? | not usually |
| what is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis? | recurrent productive cough for a minimum of three months for at least two years |
| etiology of chronic bronchitis includes… | impaired cilia, hypersecretion of mucus, susceptibility to infection, chronic infections leading to scarring and airway obstruction |
| signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis | productive cough worse in the morning, dyspnea, cyanosis, right ventricle failure, polycythemia, cyanosis, dependent edema |
| diagnostic tests for chronic bronchitis | CBC, ABG, Pulse Oximetry, PFT, Electrolytes |
| medications used to treat chronic bronchitis | bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics |
| asthma caused by external factors occurring in response to allergens such as pollens, dust spores, feathers, or animal dander, food, etc. | extrinsic asthma |
| asthma stemming from internal causes that are not fully understood, often triggered by URI or emotional upsets | intrinsic asthma |
| these factors can influence recurrence of asthma attacks | mental and physical fatigue |
| this disease is characterized by increased tracheal and bronchial response to various stimuli | asthma |
| acute asthma attacks are caused by the release of …. | histamine |
| diagnostic tests for asthma | ABG, PFT, chest xray, sputum culture, CBC, theophylline level |
| medications used in the management of asthma | bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors |
| medications used for acute asthma attack | bronchodilators, corticosteroids, epinephrine, IV aminophylline, O2 |
| this manifestation of asthma is fatal if not reversed | status asthmaticus |
| a gradual irreversible process of chronic dilation of the bronchi the eventually destroys the elastic and muscular properties of the lung | bronchiectasis |
| signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis | dyspnea, weight loss, fever, cyanosis, finger clubbing, coughing, foul smelling sputum |
| medical management of bronchiectasis includes | low flow O2, chest physiotherapy, hydration, mucolytics, bronchodilators, antibiotics |
| Ringing in ears | tinnitus |
| nosebleed | epistaxis |
| diagnostic tests to consider in relation to epistaxis | HGB, HCT, Coag panel, Rhinoscopy |
| treatments for epistaxis | packing with gauze saturated with epi, cautery, ice, direct pressure |
| causes of deviated septum | injuries, infections, allergies, dyspnea |
| diagnostic procedures to confirm deviated septum | xray, direct observation |
| treatment for deviated septum | surgery, meds to reduce obstruction |
| following nasal surgery what should the patient be instructed to avoid | nose blowing, coughing vigorously, valsalvas |
| common complaints associated with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis | sneezing, pruritis, congestion, lacrimation, edema, phontophobia, blurred vision |
| exam findings associated with allergic rhinitis | edema, PND, excessive secretions |
| diagnostic procedures for allergic rhinitis | skin test, serum radioallergosorbent test |
| treatment for allergic rhinitis | antihistamines, decongestants |
| uses for antihistamines | allergies, motion sickness, insomnia, reactions, cough |
| side effects of antihistamines include | constipation, dry eyes and mouth, blurred vision, sedation |
| what are some systemic antihistamines? | azatadine, brompheniramine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, loratadine |
| antihistamines should be administered how long before exposure to an allergen? | 45 to 60 minutes |
| what are some risks with antihistamines? | increase risk of CNS depression, increase the action of anticholinergics, MAOI’s increase action and slow metabolism of antihistamines |
| what is the mechanism of action of decongestants? | they are arteriole vasoconstrictors |
| what are decongestants used for? | to decrease production of respiratory secretions |
| what are some possible side effects of decongestants? | hypertension, dizziness, sedation, headache, tinnitus, thickened secretions, tachycardia, urinary retention |
| what are the two most common administration routes for decongestants? | nasal and oral |
| what are two nasal decongestants? | flonase, afrin |
| what are two oral decongestants? | phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine |
| what is an important point of patient education with decongestants? | don’t use more than three days |
| what are some common symptoms of laryngeal cancer? | hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, “lump in throat” |
| what are some diagnostic exams for laryngeal cancer? | visual exam, CBC, laryngoscopy, biopsy |
| what are some treatments for laryngeal cancer? | radiation, surgery |
| what is one area of ADL’s that can be severely affected by laryngeal cancer? | eating |
| what are common complaints associated with rhinitis? | cough, watery nasal drainage, sore throat |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for rhinitis? | visual exam, cultures |
| what medications are commonly used to treat rhinitis? | analgesics, antipyretics, cough suppressants, antibiotics |
| what are some common complaints with pharyngitis? | sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, dry cough |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for pharyngitis? | visual exam, culture |
| what medications are commonly used to treat pharyngitis? | antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints with adenoiditis? | sore throat, dysphagia, fever, malaise, noisy breathing |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for adenoiditis? | culture, visual exam(patchy tonsilar exudates) |
| what are some common treatments for adenoiditis? | antibiotics, analgesics, surgery |
| what are some common complaints with laryngitis? | hoarseness, scratchy throat, persistant cough |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for laryngitis? | visual exam, laryngoscopy |
| what are some common treatments for laryngitis? | antibiotics, palliative medications |
| what are some common complaints in sinusitis? | headache, sinus pain, tenderness, pressure, and prurulent discharge |
| what are some diagnostic procedures appropriate for sinusitis? | xray, transillumination |
| what are some common treatments for sinusitis? | surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antihistamines, vasoconstrictors, warm moist heat |
| what are some common complaints in tonsilitis? | sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, enlarged tonsils with prurulent discharge |
| what is the most important diagnostic procedure to consider in tonsillitis? | culture (especially strep) |
| what are some common treatments for tonsilitis? | surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints in peritonsilar abcess? | pain and difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise, ear pain, *****DIFFICULTY TALKING***** |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for peritonsilar abcess | visual exam, culture |
| what are the treatments for peritonsilar abcess? | surgery, antibiotics |
| what are some common complaints with bronchitis? | productive cough, low grade fever, ****rhonchi and wheezes****, dyspnea, chest pain, headache |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for bronchitis? | xray, sputum culture |
| what are the treatments for bronchitis? | bronchodilators, andtibiotics, cough suppressants, antipyretics |
| what are some common complaints in legionanaires’ disease? | high fever, headache, nonproductive cough, diarrhea, malaise |
| what are some signs and sypmtoms of advancing legionnaires’ disease? | tachypnea, crackles and wheezing, shock, hematuria and renal failure |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for legionnaires’ disease? | cultures, xray |
| what are the treatments for legionairres’ disease? | antibiotics, rifampin, anatipyretics, vasopressors and inotropes |
| what type of environment does legionnaires’ usually live in? | moist (air conditioners, hot tubs, steam rooms) |
| what is the most lethal type of anthrax? | inhalational |
| what are the three types of anthrax? | cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation |
| what are the treatments for anthrax? | antibiotics (ciprofloxacin); previous vaccination increases survival rate |
| through what route is tuberculosis transmitted? | inhalation |
| a positive PPD with negative chest xray indicates what? | inactive tuberculosis infection |
| what is a common factor in the conversion from inactive to active TB infection? | immunosuppression |
| what type of room should a patient with TB be in? | negative pressure |
| what are the treatments for TB? | isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, rifapentine |
| what is an important point of patient education for rifambin? | turns body fluids red |
| what common substance has a known drug interaction with isoniazid? | alcohol |
| what are some common causes of pneumonia? | bacteria, aspiration, viral, fungal chemical |
| what are diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumonia? | cultures, xray, cbc, pft, abg |
| what are some treatments for pneumonia? | antibiotics, O2, analgesics, antipyretics, expectorants, bronchodilators, physiotherapy, humidification |
| what are some factors that make older adults more susceptible to pneumonia? | drier mucous membranes, kyphosis, muscle weakness, reduced airway elasticity, inactivity, immobility |
| what is the action of an antitussive? | suppresses cough reflex |
| what is the action of an expectorant? | reduces viscosity of respiratory secretions |
| inflammation of visceral and parietal pleura | pleurisy |
| what are some symptoms of pleurisy? | pain on inspiration, fever, dry cough, dyspnea |
| what are some diagnostic tests appropriate for pleurisy? | xray, auscultation(pleural friction rub) |
| Empyema is another word for | pleural effusion |
| how is pleural effusion treated? | thoracentesis, chest tube |
| collapse of lung tissue | atelectasis |
| what are some causes of atelectasis? | shallow breathing, copious secretions, aspiration, hypoventilation, tumors |
| what are some diagnostic tests for atelectasis? | xray, ABG, Bronchoscopy |
| what are some treatments for atalectasis? | chest tube, deep breathing and coughing, intubation |
| edema of respiratory mucosa combined with excessive mucous production causing chronic airway obstruction | asthma |
| drugs that produce bronchodilation by mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system | adrenergics |
| what are some commonly used bronchodilators? | albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline |
| drugs that reduce symptoms of asthma by reducing inflammation in the airways | corticosteriods |
| beclomethasone, flunilolide, and triamcinolone are all examples of | corticosteroids |
| these two antiasthmatic classes reduce the release of substances that can lead to bronchospasm | leukotriene receptor antagonists and mast cell stabilizers |
| common side effects of antiasthmatics | tremors, anxiety, throat irritation |
| when administering both a sympathomimetic and corticosteroid inhaler, what is the proper sequence? | sypathomimetic (bronchodilator) first, then wait five minutes and administer corticosteroid |
| what is the minimum waiting time between aerosol inhaler administrations? | 1 minute |
| you should wait three to five minutes between administrations of these two inhaled medications | isoproternol and epinephrine |
| you should wait at least ten minutes after the administration of this inhaler before giving another | metaproternol |
| this class of antiasthmatic is commonly used as a daily therapy for long term asthma management | leukotriene antagonists |
| what are some examples of adrenergic bronchodilators? | albuterol, epinephrine, salmeterol, terbutaline |
| what time of day should once daily doses of xanthines be administered? | morning |
| air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse | pneumothorax |
| buildup of air in the pleural space, causing interference with the ability of the heart and lungs to fill | tension pneumothorax |
| signs and symptoms of pneumothorax | decreased or absent breath sounds, abnormal chest movement |
| diagnostic tests appropriate for pneumothorax | xray, abg |
| most common type of lung cancer | non |
| accumulation of serous fluid in interstitial lung tissue and alveoli | pulmonary edema |
| hallmark symptom of pulmonary edema | pink, frothy sputum |
| non cardiogenic pulmonary edema | ARDS |
| flow setting for nasal cannula in a COPD patient | 2 to 3 LPM |
