| Proteins | last energy source used in starvation; depletion leads to muscle wasting, loss of oncotic pressure in the vascular space; low albumin indicates protein malnutrition |
| Vitamins | organic substance in foods; essential in small quantities for growth and transformation of food substances into tissue; three types= fat soluble, water soluble, minerals |
| Vitamin A Functions and Sources | visual acuity; beta carotene, liver, egg yolk, cream, milk, yellow fruits, orange and green leafy veggies like carrots, butter, cheese |
| Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity | D= night blindness, skin infection, xerophthalmia, corneal ulceration; T= CNS changes; GI like portal HTN |
| Vitamin D Functions and Sources | Bone calcification, Ca+2 and phosphorus absorption; fish oils, fortified milk/diary products, egg yolks, sunlight’s irradiation of body cholesterol |
| Vitamin D Deficiency and Toxicity | D: rickets, poor bone growth; T: hypercalcemia, renal calculi |
| Vitamin E Functions and Sources | antioxidant and growth; green leaf veggies, fats, oils, liver, grains, nuts |
| Vitamin E Deficiency and Toxicity | D: RBC breakdown, hemolytic anemia; T: fatigue, headache, blurred vision, diarrhea |
| Vitamin K Functions and Sources | blood clotting; leafy veggies, eggs, cheese, synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
| Vitamin K Deficiency and Toxicity | D: bleeding, bruises; T: anemia, liver/renal damage, intestinal bacterial infection |
| Thiamine Functions and Sources | B1= normal growth, carb metabolism; legumes, meat, enriched grains, eggs, fish |
| Thiamine Deficiency and Toxicity | D: beriberi (numbness, decreased reflexes fatigue, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome; T: shock |
| Riboflavin Functions and Sources | B2= coenzyme in protein and energy metabolism; milk and liver |
| Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity | D: ariboflainosis, tissue inflammation |
| Niacin Functions and Sources | nicotinic acid= normal growth; meat, grains |
| Niacin Deficiency and Toxicity | D: pellagra (rough, scaly skin, glossitis, decreased wt); T: vasodilation, flushing |
| Pyridoxine Functions and Sources | B6= amino acid metabolism; corn, soy, meat, liver, yeast, egg yolk, sunflowers |
| Pyridoxine Deficiency and Toxicity | D: anemia, CNS changes, peripheral neuropathy; T: diminished proprioceptive sensory function |
| Folic Acid Functions and Sources | RBC formation; liver, oranges, broccoli |
| Folic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity | D: anemia; T: diminished proprioceptive sensory function |
| Cyanocobalamin Functions and Sources | B12= nerve formation, RBC formation; meat, milk, eggs |
| Cyanocobalamin Deficiency and Toxicity | D: pernicious anemia |
| Ascorbic Acid Functions and Sources | vit C= collagen synthesis; citrus fruits, veggies, tomatoes |
| Ascorbic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity | D: scurvy (joint pain and weakness), anemia; T: oxalate hypersensitivity |
| Calcium Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | bone formation, muscle contraction, thrombus formation; milk, green leafy veggies, eggs; rickets, porous bones, tetany |
| Phosphorus Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | bone formation, cell permeability; milk, eggs, nuts; rickets |
| Fluoride Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | dental health; water supply; dental caries |
| Iodine Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | thyroid hormone synthesis; seafood, iodized salt; goiter |
| Sodium Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | osmotic pressure, acid base balance, nerve irritability; table salt, canned veggies, milk, cured meats, processed foods; fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
| Potassium Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | water balance in cells, protein synthesis, heart contractility; grains, meats, veggies, arrhythmias, fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
| Iron Functions, Sources, and Deficiency Sx | Hgb synthesis; liver, oysters, leafy veggies, apricots; anemia, lethargy |
| Vegan Diet | fruits, veggies, nuts, beans, seeds; NO animal protein, fortified foods, and nutritional supplements of animal origin |
| Lactovegetarian diet | vegan diet AND milk, cheese, yogurt and other milk products as only source of animal protein |
| Ovovegetarian diet | vegan diet AND eggs as the only source of animal protein |
| Lactoovovegetarian diet | Vegan diet AND Lactovegetarian AND Ovovegetarian |
| Clear Liquid Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | gelatin, popsicle, tea with lemon, ginger ale, bouillon, fruit juice without pulp/NO pulp or milk |
| Clear Liquid Diet Purpose and Common medical dx | to maintain fluid balance/postop, acute v/d |
| Low Fat, Cholesterol Restricted Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | fruit, veggies, cereals, lean meat/NO marbled meat, avocados, milk, bacon, egg yolks, butter |
| Low Fat, Cholesterol Restricted Diet Purpose and Common medical dx | to reduce cal from fat and minimize cholesterol intake/atherosclerosis, cystic fibrosis |
| Sodium Restricted Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | cold baked chx, lettuce tomatoes, applesauce/NO preserved meats, cheese, fried foods, milk products, canned foods, added salt |
| Sodium Restricted Diet Purpose and Common medical dx | to lower body h20 and promote excretion/HF, HTN, cirrhosis |
| High Roughage, High Fiber Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | wheat bread, minestrone, apple, brussel sprouts/NO white bread, pies, cakes, white flour, “white” processed foods |
| High Roughage, High Fiber Diet Purpose and Common medical dx | to maximize bulk in stool/constipation, large bowel disorders |
| High Protein Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | 30g powdered skim milk and 1 egg in 100 ml h20 OR roast beef sandwich with skim milk/NO soft drinks, “junk” food |
| High Protein Diet Purpose and Common medical dx | to re-establish anabolism to raise albumin levels/burns, infection, hyperthyroidism |
| Renal Diet Sample meal and NOT allowed items | unsalted veggies, white rice, canned fruits, sweets/NO beans, cereals, citrus fruits |
| Renal Diet Sample Purpose and Common medical dx | to keep protein, potassium, and sodium low/chronic renal failure |
