Motivators in the Herzberg’s two-factor theory correspond to the higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization in Maslow’s needs hierarchy, while the hygiene factors correspond to Maslow’s physiological, safety and social needs. Table 16.2 compares Maslow’s and Herzberg’s theories of motivation.
Table 16.2: Comparison of Maslow’s and Herzberg’s Theories of Motivation | |
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | Herzberg’s Two-Factory Theory |
Self-actualization needs | Motivators: Responsibilities Challenging Work Recognition Achievement |
Esteem needs | |
Social needs | Maintenance Factors: Job security Good pay Working conditions Type of Supervision Interpersonal relations |
Safety and security needs | |
Physiological needs |
Several researchers have challenged Herzberg’s findings. According to some researchers, it is easy to understand why people would associate feelings of satisfaction with factors such as challenge, growth, and recognition. It is very natural for people to attribute good results to their own efforts and blame external factors for their failures. Thus, these researchers contended that satisfaction and dissatisfaction in individuals are not the outcome of different factors but it is individuals who assign different sources to their successes or failures. Edwin Locke, who reviewed research pertaining to Herzberg’s theory spelt out the various problems associated with Herzberg’s findings. They are
1. the theory minimizes differences across people;
2. there is confusion in the original classification and statements; and
3. the arguments put forth by Herzberg are characterized by logical inconsistencies.
It was, therefore, concluded that Herzberg’s arguments did not withstand logical or empirical scrutiny.